A brief history
Outbreaks of jaundice were described long before their viral causes were understood. Hepatitis A was distinguished from hepatitis B in the 1940s, and identification of the virus in the 1970s improved diagnosis. Vaccines became available in the 1990s.
How does it spread?
Hepatitis A spreads when tiny amounts of infected faecal material reach the mouth, through contaminated food, water or close personal contact. A person can spread the virus before noticing symptoms. Handwashing and food and water precautions remain important when travelling.
Symptoms and possible complications
The virus inflames the liver and can cause tiredness, fever, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine and jaundice. Young children often have few symptoms, while adults are more likely to feel unwell. Recovery can take weeks or months. It does not cause chronic infection, although acute liver failure is a rare complication.
Where it may be relevant
- Travellers to countries where hepatitis A is common
- People visiting friends and relatives or staying where sanitation may be limited
- Travellers with occupational, behavioural or medical risk factors
Dose schedules
The clinician will select the appropriate licensed schedule after reviewing age, health, previous doses and departure date.
Primary and booster
Adults and children
A first dose provides initial protection; a later booster supports long-term protection.
Who may be eligible
- Adults and children from the licensed age who need travel or risk-based protection
- People needing catch-up after a previous documented first dose
Who may not be eligible
- Anyone with a confirmed severe allergic reaction to a previous dose or a vaccine ingredient
- People who are acutely unwell with a significant fever may need vaccination deferred
- Pregnancy, breastfeeding, immune suppression and current medicines must be reviewed individually
Potential side effects
- Pain, redness or swelling where the injection is given
- Headache, tiredness, muscle aches or a mild fever
- Feeling faint around the time of vaccination
Important risks and precautions
- A severe allergic reaction is very rare and requires urgent treatment
- Protection is not absolute, so relevant food, water, bite or exposure precautions remain important
- The exact product and schedule must be confirmed during a clinical assessment
Clinical references